![]() ![]() Drawing on work by Lansing and others, I posit that the geographic and technological growth of wet rice agriculture on Bali’s dissected slopes shaped the coevolution of the various hierarchies, favoring the independence of water management groups (subaks) and their self-organization into a yield-enhancing “complex adaptive system.” This may have limited legitimacy and finance mechanisms available to extractive polities, leading to development of the expressive negara form of the 19th century. This heterarchy also features many cases of concentric integration, since village, state, and irrigation management groups are each arranged into separate nested hierarchies. ![]() ![]() Ethnographic depictions of Balinese social organization show a pluralistic collectivism pattern consisting of many function- specific corporate actor groups with intersecting memberships, most functioning also as temple congregations. It contributes to theory and method in and beyond the field of archaeology. This dissertation considers the origins, development, and function of complex social organization in Bali, Indonesia.
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